Foot and Ankle

  • Ankle arthritis

    The ankle joint is one of the most “hard-hit” joints in our body when we walk or run and crucial in all phases in stance phase of the gait cycle.  Over time or after a significant ankle injury and disruption to the joint, this makes the joint more susceptible to “wear and tear”.

    Once arthritis sets into the ankle joint it results in stiffness, swelling and pain, which hinders the ability to walk distances and may exhibit itself in an antalgic gait with one or more deviations during walking.

    Non-surgically there are a number of orthotic options such as rocker shoes, insoles and in severe cases AFOs.

  • Subtalar joint arthritis

    The subtalar joint, unlike the ankle joint, which occasionally is misinterpreted as the ankle joint, is more complex in its structure and function.

    Whereas the ankle joint is responsible for the movement of toes pointing upwards or downwards, the subtalar joint is responsible for the inwards and outwards movement of the foot and it is considered a triplanar, meaning it has the ability to move in three planes of movement. It is therefore functionally helpful in adapting to uneven terrain and is most usually described as the foot shock absorber. It provides balance and shock attenuation on uneven surfaces and is debilitating both in terms of pain and function when osteoarthritis sets in.

    Our expert orthotist can guide you through your orthotic options as there are plenty, depending on severity and presentation as well as what you want to achieve, which can range from in-shoe orthotics to stiff built orthopaedic boots and braces.

  • Midfoot Arthritis

    The foot consists of 26 bones that articulate with each other to help us walk. It is made up of the cuboid, navicular and cuneiform bones in the midfoot region.

    The condition is characterised by pain and swelling in the midfoot that is aggravated with prolonged standing and walking. It is usually associated with dorsal osteophytes and exostosis that may cause footwear difficulties on the top of the foot. Sustaining a midfoot injury such as a Lisfranc type of injury increases the chance of developing midfoot arthritis.

    There are various different types of orthotic options with the main objective being to minimise the “excessive and usually painful movement” in the midfoot, which can consist of footwear adaptations or foot orthotics. In more severe cases the midfoot joints can be surgically fused.

    We are believers that surgery has a very important role in dealing with foot conditions but should be the last resort and we can work with you and your orthopaedic consultant to decide on the best route for you.

  • Hallux Limitus

    This condition or description for lack of better wording is characterised by relative stiffness of the great toe joint, also known as the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Its function is to support and help the body push off and usually associated with third rocker gait deviations, obvious to the trained eye along with pain and discomfort when walking, kneeling or coming or going up stairs.

  • Hallux Rigidus

    In contract to hallux limitus, hallux rigidus is when there is no movement of the great toe joint in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. This results in more obvious gait deviations and usually more debilitating. Again it is not a diagnosis but a more descriptive term for a stiff toe joint. Severe arthritis in the joint, gout and other diseases of the first metatarsophalangeal joint can cause this presentation.

    Orthotic wise the aim is to modify the mechanics that lead to overloading of this joint, which may arise from shoe modification or in-shoe orthotics. We have seen thousands of feet having worked in specialist orthopaedic centres in the UK with expertise managing this types of conditions and we can present to you an honest array of your orthotic options.

  • Bunions (Hallux Abducto Valgus)

    HAV or bunions are characterised by a protrusion on the side of the great toe and the medical term HAV – Hallux Abducto Valgus refers to the great toe twisting and pointing towards the outer toes. Genetics or inappropriate shoe choice are amongst some of the reasons for developing a bunion.

    It is important to note that surgery is the only way to get rid of your bunion and we work closely with the best orthopaedic surgeons on the island for onwards referral and treatment. Asymptomatic bunions are usually not a source of concern and orthotic options may be limited, however for cosmetic reasons many chose to have surgery.

    Symptomatic bunions on the other hand may respond to orthotic input and our expert orthotist can help by looking into the biomechanics of your foot and how to lessen the stress on the joint, along with any footwear modifications or orthotics that can prove successful in particular when the condition is to be managed conservatively.

  • Mallet, hammer or clawed toes

    • Mallet toe is a flexion deformity at the most distal joint of the lesser toe.
    • Hammertoe is a flexion deformity of the middle phalangeal joint.
    • Clawed toe is a combined flexion deformity of distal and middle toe joint and hyperextension of the more proximal joint.

    These types of deformities are as a result of a muscle/tendon imbalance in the toe. In some cases the toe deformity can be hereditary, caused by a pre-existing foot condition or due to trauma. Toe deformities can lead to pain, inflammation, corns, calluses and difficulty finding shoes that fit. Padding, orthotic devices and a change in footwear can help with these conditions, which may be fixed or flexible. The stiffer the deformity the more troublesome it tends to be. In extreme cases these toe deformities along with the presence of other condition such as diabetes, can result in more severe foot complications.

  • Achilles Tendon Disorders

    The two muscles that make up the calf, namely the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are joined and form the Achilles tendon with an attachment on the heel bone.  Common disorders of the Achilles are tendonitis and tendinosis.

    Tendonitis is when there is inflammation of the tendon, which has a relatively short life span. If not resolved the tendon loses its form and structure and can cause tiny microscopic tears and eventually degeneration of the tendon also known as tendinosis.

    A programme of physical therapy including strengthening exercises, massage, mobilisation, gait retraining and shockwave therapy have a high degree of success.

    Orthotics and arch support along with night splints have a role to play in management and our expert team and trusted partner physical therapists can help you.

    Achilles tendinopathies and the role of orthotics is a topic of particular interest at VIMA and we have dedicated a section on our blog post with more information to come (link to blogs).

  • Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction

    Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD) is one of the most common tendinopathies of the foot. Another commonly used term is adult acquired flat foot deformity due to the tendon elongation under constant load and loss of arch architecture as a result. It is typically described in 4 stages depending on severity.

    Non-surgical management involves orthotic devices or bracing to support the arch of the foot as best as possible and the orthotic design is usually that of an aggressive design.

    We have a dedicated blog section with more information on the subject (link to blog).

  • Flat Feet (Adults)

    This is a more of a descriptive term that anything else. It is used to describe a variation of the normal foot structure. The issues at hand arise if the flat foot is symptomatic or asymptomatic.

    Asymptomatic flexible flat feet of mild severity rarely need any further treatment.

    Symptomatic flexible flat feet or more moderate and severe flat feet may require orthotic input as they tend to give rise to symptoms, that may be more generalised or specific to the foot or knee.

    Our orthotist will be able to assess you and give the appropriate advice or treatment based on severity and symptomatology as well as onwards referral to a physiotherapist or orthopaedic surgeon if required.

  • Arch pain

    This refers to pain on the plantar surface of the foot from the ball to the heel of the foot. Although this is a non-descriptive term, it is mostly attributed to plantar fascia strain or inflammation also known as plantar fasciitis and is commonly associated with a heel spur.

    Appropriate footwear and orthotic insoles is usually the mainstay of treatment and very rarely needs surgical intervention.

    We have a dedicated blog section with more information on the subject of plantar fasciitis (link to blog).

  • Cavus foot (High-Arched Foot)

    This is when the foot has a high arch and as a result the ball and heel of the foot takes most of the load when walking or standing.

    A cavus foot is mostly associated with a neurological disorder such as polio, or Charcot Marie Tooth however; it can also represent an inherited structural abnormality or a mild deviation from the “normal” foot architecture.

    Orthotic devices may help with providing cushioning on the ball and heel and stability and may involve bracing, orthotics, footwear modifications or specialist footwear.

  • Chronic Ankle Instability

    Chronic ankle instability is characterized by the ankle giving way repeatedly on the outer (lateral) side of the ankle, usually after a history of repeated inversion injuries. Chronic ankle instability develops after an ankle sprain has not been adequately been rehabilitated and the ability to balance is affected.

    Patients with chronic ankle instability may be helped by bracing, physical therapy and in some cases surgery.

  • Capsulitis

    A group of ligaments that surround the joint help with the function of the joint. Capsulitis is when this capsule becomes inflamed, most commonly of the 2nd toe joint but can also occur in the lesser toe joints.

    Excessive pressure exerted on the base of the second toe leads to inflammation of the joints surrounding ligaments.

    Orthotic inserts can help alleviate your symptoms with a well-contoured functional foot orthosis with offloading modifications to the forefoot.

  • Accessory Navicular syndrome

    This is an extra piece of bone or cartilage on the inside of the foot on the apex of the arch. The tibialis posterior tendon is incorporated and attached in this area. Most of the times the accessory Navicular does not give any symptoms, however if it does start to become symptomatic it can lead to irritation to the tibialis posterior tendon as it has to work harder to stabilise the arch of the foot, irritation from footwear rubbing or after trauma.

    Custom made orthotics can provide relief from painful symptoms in both adults and children that may suffer from an accessory Navicular.

  • Stress Fractures

    Also known as hairline fractures, these tiny types of fractures can occur anywhere on the foot and are usually as a result of overtraining or overuse, using improper footwear and training techniques, foot deformities or having a diagnosis of osteoporosis. If left untreated they can lead to a complete fracture.

    Rest and immobilisation are prescribed and sometimes an MRI or X-ray will be required to diagnose.

  • Haglund’s deformity (or heel pump bump)

    This is simply as a result of bony enlargement on the back of the heel bone and can cause footwear irritation and excessive friction, which can lead to painful bursitis. Orthotic devices such as heel pads, heel lifts, soft or open-backed shoes or custom made insoles may be prescribed to help alleviate some of the symptoms.

  • Os trigonum syndrome

    This is another accessory bone disorder that takes the name from a very small bone forming at the back of the heel bone. Usually it is triggered by repeated downward pointing of the toes or the ankle or by an ankle injury.

    It is very common amongst ballet dancers and soccer players and can often be confused with Achilles tendinopathy.

    Orthotics may have a small role to play, usually in supporting the ankle joint during activity with some kind of lightweight brace and it is usually treated with rest, ice, immobilisation and medication such as NSAIDs and in severe cases surgery.

  • Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

    The tarsal tunnel is the space on the medial aspect of the ankle, next to the anklebones that is covered in a thick ligament also known as a retinaculum. Through this tunnel or passage there are veins, tendons and nerves. Compression of the posterior tibial tarsal nerve gives symptoms from the inside of the foot and anywhere along the nerve trail.

    A compressed nerve may be as a result of a person with severe flat foot, a ganglion cyst, a swollen tendon or a varicose vein that may occupy the space,

    Swelling after a medial ankle injury or other systemic diseases such as diabetes or lymphedema.

    Symptoms include tingling, burning sensation, numbness or shooting pain.

    Depending on the root of the cause orthotic inserts, bracing or supportive shoes may be prescribed.

  • Turf Toe

    This is usually as a result of a sporting injury from excessive upwards movement of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint. The name is derived from the artificial turf terrain that most of the sports players play on. The joint is usually stiff, painful and swollen and symptoms gradually worsen, they are aggravated by repeated stress of the joint unless the injury is direct, in which case symptoms will begin almost immediately.

    Orthotically the aim is to reduce the unwanted and painful movement, which is achieved through thin energy storing orthotic devices or stiff soled footwear.

  • Morton’s Neuroma

    A neuroma is described as thickening of the nerve tissue. It can occur in other areas of the body. However, the most common site for a neuroma is between the metatarsal bones in the forefoot and mostly between the 3rd and 4th metatarsals. It is also known as intermetatarsal neuroma. The thickening of the nerve usually after compression and irritation of the nerve and tight fitting shoes are though to be the culprits for many neuromas.

    Women tend to be more susceptible due to the narrower types of shoes and high heels and presence of bunions that take up more space at the toe box of the shoes.

    It gives rise to tingling, burning or numbness, pain along the area affected and tends to have a slow progressive nature as the longer the irritation to the nerve, the longer the symptoms and severity of symptoms persist.

    Shoe modifications are usually key in improving outcomes and successful treatments in combination with pain relieving injections, icing, massaging or NSAIDs.

    Specialist orthotic insoles can help by redistributing and changing the rate of loading at the forefoot or reducing or dampening the effect of overpronation, which can at times increase interdigital irritation of the nerve.

  • Freiberg’s Disease

    This condition is rare and occurs when there is osteonecrosis of usually the 2nd and sometimes the 3rd metatarsal head. It is noticed during teenage years and girls tend to be mostly affected. Also people that have shorter 1st metatarsal are at higher risk of developing this foot condition because of the increased pressure on the 2nd metatarsal head leading to avascular necrosis.

    Physical exercise and poor footwear choice can exacerbate the symptoms of pain on the ball of the foot.

    Offloading orthotics and appropriate footwear can help minimise the extend of the symptoms, however surgery may still be an option if there is progression of the disease and alleviating remedies no longer work.

  • Sesamoiditis

    A sesamoid bone has the function to improve the efficiency and pull of a tendon. On the foot there are two small such bones sitting underneath the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (great toe joint), which are responsible to improve leverage to push off during walking, running or jumping. People with high arches and high forefoot impact sports players such as basketball or volleyball players are particularly susceptible to these types of foot conditions. With repeated high stress on the ball of the foot, inflammation can occur and in more severe instances these little bones may also fracture.

    Custom offloading orthotics with metatarsal bars or other paddings or reliefs can greatly reduce and redistribute forefoot pressures and overall stresses on the affected area.

Sports Injuries

  • Tendonitis

    A tendon is the soft tissue that attaches muscles to bones. Tendonitis is a painful condition, which occurs when there is inflammation of the tendon. It is caused from repetitive exercise, sudden sharp movements, running, jumping or throwing. It usually affects the elbow, wrist, finger, thigh and feet and can cause pain and stiffness when injured. It is treated with rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), painkillers, pain relieving gels and physiotherapy.
    Depending on location, orthotics such as wrist splints, elbow supports or orthotic inserts can be used to help treat and manage tendinopathies.

  • Ligament Injuries

    Ligaments are the soft tissue that connects bone to bone to form joints and helps to protect them and function properly by holding them together like a tight rubber band does and they usually take their name from the location around the joint they protect.
    Common ligaments in the body that are damage are found around the knee (and foot (e.g. ACL, ATFL).
    The role of orthotics in the management of these injuries is adjunct and it greatly depends on the severity and location of the ligamentous injury.
    For example a knee brace is an ideal orthosis to support the knee in instances of instability following an ACL injury and an ankle brace can help support the ankle following an acute ankle injury.

  • Achillees Tendinopathy

    We prefer to refer to tendon disorders using an umbrella term such as tendinopathy as the old term of tendinosis may not always represent the condition at hand and the treatment may also change depending on presenting clinical picture. Common disorders of the Achilles are tendonitis and tendinosis.

    Tendonitis is when there is inflammation of the tendon, which has a relatively short life span. If not resolved the tendon loses its form and structure and can cause tiny microscopic tears and eventually degeneration of the tendon also known as tendinosis.

    A programme of physical therapy including strengthening exercises, massage, mobilisation, gait retraining and shockwave therapy have a high degree of success.

    Orthotics and arch support along with night splints have a role to play in management and our expert team and trusted partner physical therapists can help you.

    Achilles tendinopathies and the role of orthotics is a topic of particular interest at VIMA and we have dedicated a section on our blog post with more information to come (link to blogs).

  • Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints)

    Athletes with shin splints usually complain of pain along the shins when running and is common in sports in football players and marathon runners.
    Generally these occur pre- season when there is an increased running capacity too quickly which can bring about shin splints and therefore a gentle weaning into running is usually recommended to athletes that have been relatively sedentary and return to sport.
    Contributing factors is the presence of flat feet, tight calves, improper shoes and running on uneven terrain.
    If you are unsure, whether or not you need orthotics into your shoes you can book your appointment with us for an evaluation.
    Our orthotic evaluation will look into your foot and lower limb mechanics and how they function and the types of trainers you are using as well as the range of motion in your joints and power in your muscles.

  • Metatarsal stress fractures

    Also known as hairline fractures, these tiny types of fractures can occur anywhere on the foot and are usually as a result of overtraining or overuse, using improper footwear and training techniques, foot deformities or having a diagnosis of osteoporosis. If left untreated they can lead to a complete fracture.

    Rest and immobilisation are prescribed and sometimes an MRI or X-ray will be required to diagnose the location and extend of the injury.

    We are experts with deep knowledge of the materials available and orthotics can help alleviate or lessen the loading of these structures with a well fitted and usually custom orthotic with dampening and supportive characteristics on the materials used.

  • Knee Ligament damage

    There are 4 ligaments around the knee joint that help to hold it together.
    Namely the ACL, PCL, which are within the knee joint and help support the knee joint front to back and the MCL and LCL that support the knee from side to side.
    Usually these types of injuries cause knee instability and physical therapy and surgery are mostly indicated.
    At times surgery can be delayed with the use of knee braces to support the knee.
    Here at VIMA we can help our athletes return to sport using the best available functional knee braces in the market, either stock or custom made with artificial knee joints that can mimic the normal range of movement of the knee to support and protect it.

  • Runner’s knee

    This is an umbrella term used to encompass any of several conditions around the kneecap such as patellofemoral malalignment, patellofemoral pain syndrome, chondromalacia patella and iliotibial band syndrome.
    Physical therapy is the mainstay for all of these conditions, however orthotic supports can help alleviate some of the symptoms by maintaining proper patella alignment or the use of arch supports if indicated.
    Our expert orthotist has a particular interest to managing sports injuries and we can guide you though the myriad of orthotic options to suit your needs.

Neurological

  • Cerebral Palsy

    Cerebral Palsy (CP) is an umbrella term used for problems caused to the brain before, during or soon after a birth. The original problem with the brain does not get worse over time but the condition as the child develops can put strain on the body.

    The brain is the most complicated organ in the human body and is responsible for multiple tasks such as thinking and coordination, speech and walking as well as other involuntary actions such as breathing. The clinical picture of CP is a very complex one and varies significantly from patient to patient from some being rarely noticeable to the very disabled.

    Symptoms of CP are not usually obvious soon after the baby is born and may take 2-3 years to become apparent. Some of these are delayed reach of developmental milestones, walking on tiptoes, swallowing difficulties, vision problems, and learning disabilities.

    A team of healthcare professionals from physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists and surgeons may be involved in the care of a child with CP and it is therefore important for co-operation to exist amongst them to improve outcomes.

    When CP affects the limbs it can cause contractures and tightness to the muscles that drive the joints and bones in both the legs and the arms and therefore can affect tasks such as walking or other activities of daily living like holding onto objects and other fine finger tasks.

    From the physical standpoint strength, muscle tone, reflexes, range of motion and balance are some of the things health care professionals will need to assess. A gait assessment is used to assess how someone walks and what the limitations are, in order to compose a treatment plan.

    Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)

    This scale is used to determine the level of mobility for a person with cerebral palsy and it is composed of five levels:

    • Level one – someone who can walk with no limitations.
    • Level two – a person can walk, but with some limitations.
    • Level three – a person can walk, but has to use an assistive device like a walker or cane.
    • Level four – a person may be mobile with a self-operated wheelchair
    • Level five – mobility is only possible in a wheelchair operated by another person.

    There are many types of CP such as spastic, ataxic, dyskinetic and mixed CP.

    Terms such as hemiplegia, diplegia, triplegia and quadriplegia refer to the number of limbs affected.

    Orthotic Aims

    Orthotics plays a big role in the overall management of children with CP, from the mildest of forms to the more severely affected.

    Preservation of range of motion and preventing contractures, maintaining upright posture, walking efficiency and fluidity and reducing pain from deformed joints are only a handful of reasons for a parent to visit an orthotist.

    Plan your visit to VIMA

    We have a range of orthotic options for children with CP that our orthotist can guide you through the best option for the mutual aims we set with the parents as well as the involved allied health professionals.

  • Stroke

    Strokes and Cerebro-Vascular Accidents (CVA) occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted either through a blockage in one of the arteries (clot) or a ruptured vessel and bleeding into the brain, which damages or kills brain cells. Having a stroke can affect how the body works and how one thinks and feels.

    Causes

    A stroke can happen to anyone, however there are some rick factors that increase the chance of suffering a stroke such as age, the presence of high blood pressure, obesity, smoking and diabetes.

    Complications and problems

    Sadly not everyone survives a stroke, however people that survive a stroke can recover at varying degrees. For some people it is more severe than others. The size and location of the original injury determines the effect of the stroke it has on someone.

    A stroke survivor can present complex needs due to the detrimental effects on speech, walking and balance, cognitive ability, emotional disturbances and visual problems amongst other.

    In the presence of severe spasticity and weakness then mobility and walking becomes more difficult, proprioception is poor as visual input and spatial neglect take place.

    As orthotists we are mostly involved in lessening the impact on walking and balance as well as reducing joint pain from spasticity in the muscles through the use of Ankle Foot Orthoses, Contracture Correction Devices or other devices that may be suitable.

    Orthotic consultation

    During your first visit at VIMA we will assess the range of motion in your joints, joint stability, muscle powers and alignment, movement patterns in standing, walking and seating. On certain occasions we may be able to perform a house assessment, however it is best to contact us prior due to the effect this may have as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic.

    Our products are almost exclusively custom made. In particular situations and milder effects of stroke some alternatives may be possible, which we could discuss at our initial consultation.

    We are in the unique position to have access to a wide range of healthcare professionals such as neurologists, occupational therapists, clinical dieticians and physiotherapists that compliment and enhance the therapeutic outcome.

    Resources –

    www.stroke.org.cy

    www.stroke.org.uk

  • Multiple Sclerosis

    Definition

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong autoimmune disease that affects the brain and nerves, whereby the body’s immune system attacks myelin. It is not clear why this happens. MS is the most common neurological condition, which affects young adults, it is more common in women than men and is characterised as progressive or remitting.

    Myelin sheath is a membrane that covers and protects the nerves and with the multiple attacks on the nerves it leaves scarring (or sclerosis) of the myelin sheaths, which eventually affects the nerves and affect the body part the nerve serves.

    Causes

    This is an autoimmune disease and the cause is unknown but it may be from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

    Orthotics role

    The role of orthotics is wide given the complex effects from MS on muscle spasticity, weakness and instability of joints. Depending on clinical presentation and symptomology we can guide you through your orthotic options, which can range from foot orthotics to more complex prescriptions such as lightweight carbon fibre AFOs and KAFOs.

    Most of our products are bespoke or custom made unless we can identify an off the shelf option that suits your symptomology and presentation.

    Links & Resources

    https://www.mssociety.org.uk/

    www.Mstrust.org.uk

  • Common Peroneal Nerve Damage

    The common peroneal nerve serves the lower limb by controlling various functions such as the muscles during walking or standing and sensation in the foot and toes.

    The peroneal nerve can get damaged following a fracture of the fibula bone, during knee surgery or after prolonged pressure onto the nerve from positions during sleep or coma.

    Damage to the peroneal nerve can cause a flaccid foot drop and difficulty or inability to control the muscles that lift the foot, atrophy of the muscles and loss of sensation to the foot.

    Orthotist role

    From an orthotist point of view we will look to combat the effects of gravity, to assist function and motion and we are in a pride position to guide you through your best options either bespoke or off the shelf options.

  • Charcot-Marie Tooth

    Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) is an inherited progressive disease that affects the peripheral nerves. It’s also known as Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy (HMSN) or Peroneal Muscular Atrophy (PMA). There is no cure for CMT. The name derived from the three physicians who described it in 1886. It is not life threatening as it rarely affects the muscles that are involved in breathing and people with CMT are expected to have normal life expectancy.  Progressive muscle weakness becomes apparent usually in adolescence or early adulthood but symptoms can present at any age.

    Treatment remedies focus on aiding mobility, increasing independence of daily tasks and quality of life as well psychological and coping mechanisms.

    A common problem amongst people with CMT is the presence of foot drop, which can cause mobility and balance difficulties.

    Each person has different needs therefore not every person with CMT will be a candidate for the same assistive device such as an AFO as they happen to be plenty of options. At VIMA we offer bespoke and off the shelf solutions for people with foot drop.

    Links & Resources

    https://www.cmt.org.uk/

    https://www.ninds.nih.gov/

  • Spinal stenosis

    Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the space between the vertebrae, which are the bones that make up the spinal column. This narrowing causes pressure on the nerve exits and is most common in the lower back and cervical spine. The narrowing may be from a herniated disc, trauma, tumours or overgrowths of bone from arthritis in the intervertebral joints. For some people the stenosis may not cause any real problems but others may experience tingling, burning, numbness and muscle weakness on the periphery of the lower and upper limbs. Symptoms may get worse over time and may need surgery.

    In severe cases of canal stenosis of the lumbar region there may be muscle weakness in the foot and ankle that causes flaccid foot drop, which causes walking and balance issues.

    Our different levels of stock and bespoke solutions to help you manage your foot drop with guidance from our expert orthotist can help you improve your walking and lessen the chance of tripping and falling and as close return to normality as possible.

    Myelopathy

    Myelopathy is an injury to the spinal cord caused by severe compression that may arise from spinal stenosis, disc degeneration, disc herniation, autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid Arthritis or trauma.

    When this occurs it causes nerve dysfunction with pain, numbness, loss of balance and coordination. It can occur at any level in the spinal cord.

  • Cauda Equina Syndrome

    The cauda equine is the bundles of nerves at the low end of the spinal cord in the lumbosacral region and the nerves at this region send nerve signals to the legs, feet and pelvic organs.

    Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is a rare disorder that is usually a medical emergency and requires surgical intervention whereby ‘something’ severely compresses all of the nerves in the lumbosacral region. Nerve roots that control the function of the bladder and bowel are especially vulnerable to damage.

    If immediate treatment to relieve the pressure is not pursued, it can result in permanent paralysis, impaired bladder and/or bowel control, loss of sexual sensation, and other problems. Even with immediate treatment, some patient may not recover complete function.

    In no particular order herniated disks, tumours, infection, fracture, or severe spinal canal stenosis may cause CES.

    Red flag signs/ symptoms are:

    • Severe Low back pain
    • Bladder and or bowel dysfunction
    • Immediate and progressive loss of sensation and function in the lower limbs

    After surgery there is going to be a period of intensive physiotherapy and prognosis varies. Our therapeutic goals and orthotic intervention may differ from person to person depending on clinical presentation and extend of functional deficit.

  • Spina Bifida

    Spina bifida is when a baby’s spine and spinal cord does not develop in the womb, which causes a gap in the spinal cord.  It is unknown what causes spina bifida to develp in babies however lack of folic acid before and early on during pregnancy is a risk factor.

    There are different types of spina bifida:

    • Myelomengocele – The spinal canal remains open along multiple vertebrae in the back, the spinal cord and membranes push out and form a sack in the baby’s back.
    • Meningocele – This occurs when the meninges, which are the protective membranes around the spinal cord, push out and form a sac. Surgery can be used to remove the membranes as the spinal cord usually forms.
    • Spina Bifida occulta – This is the mildest type of spina bifida where usually one of the vertebrae do not form properly, resulting in a small gap and dimple in the back with tuft hair patch. Most people may be unaware they have it.

    Most people with the more severe forms of spina bifida require surgery soon after birth to close the sac that is formed. Accompanied is damage to the nervous system, which can present itself as weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs, bowel incontinence, urinary incontinence and loss of skin sensation. Brain function is retained and people with spina bifida are expected to live well through adulthood.

    As this is a congenital condition a range of therapists are involved from an early age to treat and support secondary issues that may arise from spina bifida and make the day-to-day life easier and maintain independence.

    When there is loss of function in the lower limbs with the additional consideration of loss of sensation prescription can be tricky and at VIMA we are best suited to guide and advise you through your options and considerations in the design process and selection of an appropriate orthosis carefully.

    Links & Resources

    https://www.shinecharity.org.uk/

    https://www.spinabifidaassociation.org/

  • Poliomyelitis

    Polio is a serious viral infection that due to the widespread use of vaccines it is almost irradicated with very few cases recorded each year around the globe.

    There is no cure for polio, which makes the use of vaccines ever so important.

    In some cases, the poliovirus attacks the nerves in the spine and base of the brain. This can cause paralysis, usually in the legs, that develops over hours or days after the virus is contracted.

    Post Polio Syndrome

    There is a chance that someone who’s had polio in the past will develop similar symptoms again, or worsening of their existing symptoms, many decades later. This is known as post-polio syndrome.

    The damage to the nerves is a long-lasting effect of polio and some people will be left with some degree of permanent paralysis in the leg muscles and require long term input of orthotic intervention to support the limb for mobility.

  • Motor Neurone Disease (MND)

    MND describes a group of conditions that affect the brain and nerves (motor nerves), which causes weakness in the muscles and gets progressively worse. It affects people over 50 but can also affect adults of all ages. MND is life-threatening and there is no cure.

    MND can affect how you walk, talk, eat, drink and breathe. Treatments focus on reducing the impact it has on a person’s life. Orthotics has a limited role for a short period in order to maintain the level of mobility and independence to the extend the disease process allows for.

    *MND and ALS are different descriptions of the same disease. In the UK we use the term motor neurone disease (MND) and in the USA they use amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). There are several forms of MND. ALS is the most common type. MND is an umbrella term for all forms of the disease. In the USA, ALS is used as the umbrella term.

    Links & Resources

    https://www.mndassociation.org/

  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a rare progressive disease that causes the death of neurons that control voluntary movements. Motor neurons are nerve cells that extend from the brain to the spinal cord and to muscles throughout the body. There is no known treatment to halt, reverse or treat this disease. Most people with ALS die from respiratory failure, usually within 3 to 5 years from when the symptoms first appear.

    One of the symptoms of ALS is progressive muscle weakness. From an orthotics point of view we want to make some aspects of the lives of those suffering from ALS as easier as possible up, until the point that is possible given the natural disease process and it may include orthoses for the hand and arm or foot and ankle.

    * MND and ALS are different descriptions of the same disease. In the UK we use the term motor neurone disease (MND) and in the USA they use amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). There are several forms of MND. ALS is the most common type. MND is an umbrella term for all forms of the disease. In the USA, ALS is used as the umbrella term.

    Links & Resources

    https://www.mndassociation.org/

Spinal

  • Scoliosis

    What is scoliosis?

    In simple terms, scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine.

    There are many types of scoliosis but the most common type is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

    How is it measured?

    It is measured and regularly reviewed with X-rays using the Cobb angles and the Risser sign to determine the amount of growth left. Spinal bracing is more often the mainstay of treatment to correct or reduce the rate of curvature progression and to reduce or eliminate the need of surgery.

    Typically scoliosis is classed as mild from 10-20 degrees, moderate from 20-45 degrees and severe with Cobb angles of 45-50 degrees and over.

    Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)

    What is it?

    As the name suggests, it is idiopathic, which means there is no, one causation for developing scoliosis. It may be hereditary and tends to affect more girls than boys between the ages of 9 to 15. It is diagnosed through physical exam and X-Rays and it is managed either through observation, bracing or surgery.

    What other types of scoliosis exist?

    Besides the most common type of AIS, there are other types of scoliosis such as:

    • Congenital scoliosis – This is observed immediately after birth when the vertebrae develop incorrectly in utero and may be caused if one or more of the vertebrae did not form properly, are absent or two or more vertebrae are fused.
    • Infantile or Early onset scoliosis – This is used to described scoliosis for children under the age of 3 and it is usually associated with other problems and not present at birth.
    • Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis – This type develops in children between 3 to 10 years old.
    • Structural scoliosis – This type of scoliosis develops as a result of hemi vertebra, which usually requires an aggressive bracing approach, as a skeletal deformation is the driving force for the deformity.
    • Neuromuscular scoliosis is secondary due to the presence of a more significant diagnosis such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy or Marfan syndrome that makes the muscles in and around the trunk and spine weaker, resulting in muscle imbalances and a C-Shape deformity that typically requires an aggressive approach towards management.
    • Functional scoliosis – This is usually as a result of a leg length difference and is treated without a brace by addressing the leg length difference.

    Orthotic aims

    The main aim of spinal bracing for sideways curvatures of the spine is to support and reduce the rate of progression of the curvature until the person stops growing and reaches skeletal maturity. If the curve is between 20-40 degrees and there is still growth then bracing is indicated as well as physiotherapy to stretch and strengthen the muscles around of the trunk. Importantly once skeletal maturity is reached then bracing in not indicated.

  • Kyphosis

    What is it?

    Unlike scoliosis, which is a sideways curve of the spine, kyphosis is obvious when observed from the side in the thoracic spine usually, which looks like rounding of the upper back or similar to the letter ‘C’. It can occur at any age, but it is most common in teenage years. Though the thoracic spine is supposed to be curved, if the curve in a person’s thoracic spine is more than 40 to 45 degrees, it is considered abnormal – or a spinal deformity.

    What causes kyphosis?

    Similar to scoliosis it can be as a result of multiple reasons, either structural or due to an underlying condition.

    Types of kyphosis

    • Postural kyphosis is easy to correct with posture correction exercises and education.
    • Congenital kyphosis – means that there is a problem at birth, which causes kyphosis. This kyphosis is also the most common non-traumatic, non-infectious cause of paraplegia (paralysis of the lower part of the body).
    • Osteoporotic Kyphosis – this is a very common type of kyphosis, that is usually affecting the older population, whereby the bones that make up the spine called the vertebrae due to thinning of the bones collapse due to gravity, causing a “roundback” or “hunchback”. You can read more information in the dedicated section below (see osteoporosis).
    • Scheuermann’s Kyphosis – With this type of kyphosis there is vertebral wedging of more than 5 degrees or three or more vertebrae that are next to each other, which have a triangular appearance, so they wedge together and limit the space between the vertebrae. The thoracic curve is usually 45 and 75 degrees.

    Role of orthotics

    Orthotics and back braces have a role to play when it comes to conservative management of kyphosis outside of surgery. Bracing can be successful in patients with kyphosis between 55 – 80 degrees if the diagnosis is made before skeletal maturity. Once skeletal maturity is reached, bracing is ineffective.

    At VIMA we use both 3D scanning and conventional casting methods to obtain a mould of the patient’s trunk to manufacture a fully customised brace.

    You can read more on our dedicated blog posts on spinal deformities.

  • Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)

    What is AS?

    Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a long – term condition where the spine becomes inflamed and over time causes some of the bones in the spine to fuse. The fusion, also known as ankylosis, makes the spine less flexible and creates a hunched posture. It affects mostly the lower back and cervical spine. There is no cure for AS but treatments can help lessen the effect from AS.

    Men are slightly more likely to develop AS than women and can be diagnosed at any age but it is usually diagnosed from a multiple of factors below the age of 40. Although the exact cause is unknown, genetics seem to play a role and research is focused on identifying genetic markers and triggering factors.

    Keeping active and maintaining a good posture are key to either avoid AS or lessen the effects as it would keep the spine flexible and helps to live a normal life. Over the counter painkillers, more advanced Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARD’s) and biological therapies may also be prescribed to lessen the impact from AS.

    At VIMA we choose a cautious approach to treating AS with back braces and tends to be the last cog on the wheel as the evidence suggests keeping active and pharmacological approach may be a better alternative to bracing.

    If other alternatives fail to help then a suitable back brace may be required to help support the lower back and provide some temporary relief.

    Links & Resources

    https://www.versusarthritis.org/

    https://spondylitis.org/

  • Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures

    What is it?

    With age, we lose strength in our bones, which become thinner and more brittle and susceptible to fractures, also known as osteoporosis. Fractures in the spine are very common with people with osteoporosis and are almost twice as common from other osteoporotic fractures in the hips or wrists.

    As we age our vertebrae weaken and become flatter, which makes them more susceptible to breaking. They may be as a result of a fall but for people with osteoporosis it can occur from activities of daily living such as sneezing, twisting or coughing. Due to the effects of gravity and natural curves in the spine, osteoporotic fractures tend to lessen the height of the individual.

    Most people who suffer a vertebral compression fracture get better within 3 months and it does not require any special treatment to repair the fracture. It presents with back pain in the area affected and gets worse with activity and motion. It is alleviated with rest and lying down along with limited use of pain medications and often sufficient to make an impact.

    – Surgery

    If the pain is severe and you are a candidate that can have surgery then there are two procedures that can take place, which involve a needle inserted into the damaged vertebra.

    Kyphoplasty – The procedure involves the insertion of a needle into the affected vertebrae, in which a balloon tamp is funnelled through that is pumped and creates a void, which is then filled with a special putty or cement. It restores vertebral high with good outcomes overall.

    Vertebroplasty – In contrast to kyphoplasty, no void is created but cement is injected to the damaged vertebra.

    – Role of orthotics

    There may be cases where patients are instructed to wear a brace to restrict movement and allow the vertebral compression fracture to heal and this is when VIMA can help. We have a variety of different types of braces to help you from soft fabric braces to super lightweight carbon fibre spinal braces that provide pressure systems to support your back.

  • Spinal Tumours

    A spinal tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue in the spine, either within or surrounding the spinal column or canal. They grow and multiply uncontrollably. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and are either primary meaning they originate in the spine or spinal cord OR metastatic from cancer spreading from another part of the body to the spine.

    The dura is the covering of the spinal cord and spinal tumours are classed from their location to the dura and whether they are within the cord material (medulla) and from the level of the spine.

    Intradural/ Extramedullary – The tumour is located inside the dura but outside the actual spinal cord.

    Intramedullary – The tumour is within the spinal cord.

    Extradural – These tumours occur outside the dura.

    When these tumours set within the spinal column and cord can cause pain, loss of sensation, muscle weakness in the arms, legs and chest, stiffness, loss of bowel or bladder function.

    Surgery

    Indications for surgery vary depending on the type of tumor and are associated with a major risk for complications. This is best discussed with the expert surgeons involved in your care.

    Non- Surgical Treatments

    Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are some options to try and shrink the tumour.

    The role of spinal bracing

    With these tumours the spinal column may be compromised, similar to a tree trunk that needs support. Your surgeon and radiologist will need to examine your back and decide if it needs additional support from further structural compromise. From an orthotist’s point of view is to provide the appropriate amount of support using pressures to stabilise the spine. We offer both bespoke and off the shelf solutions, which we can discuss with you and your surgeon to offer you the best possible outcome.

  • Spinal Fractures

    Spinal fractures come in many different forms and severity. The spinal cord and/or nerves may also be injured, depending on the severity of the fracture.

    Causes

    Fractures from high-energy trauma such as road traffic accidents can be so severe that result in complete paralysis whereas others are from low energy trauma such as with patients with osteoporosis. Most common areas affected are the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spine.

    Treatment

    Treatment depends on the type and nature of the fracture, which may or may-not include surgery. Once treatment plan has been set with your spinal and orthopaedic surgeon a brace is likely to be required.

    Role of orthotics

    The aim of the brace is to limit movement in the spine either in flexion, extension or rotation and the most important aspect that is needed before bracing is whether the spinal fracture is stable or unstable. Unstable fractures tend to require surgery, whereas stable fractures can be adequately managed with an orthosis. We can liaise with your surgeon to discuss and choose an appropriate type of brace. Bracing usually lasts anywhere between 6 to 12 weeks.

Levels of amputation

  • Forefoot & Toe amputations

    Forefoot and toe amputations encompasses, isolated toe amputations, trans-metatarsal amputations as well as metatarsophalangeal disarticulations.

    The management of these types of amputations are based on the desired outcome of the patient as well the underlying cause for the amputation.

    For example the management of an amputation of the diabetic insensate foot versus a traumatic amputation varies significantly in terms of orthotic and prosthetic options.

    For cosmetic silicone options we work with one of the best silicone prosthetic supplier in the Middle East.

    Orthotic solutions such as orthopaedic insoles, toe fillers and AFOs may be utilised for this type of clientele depending on the condition, presentation and desired outcome and aim of treatment.

  • Lisfranc amputation

    The Lisfranc joint is the part of the midfoot where the metatarsal bones meet up with the tarsal bones. The name originates from the Lisfanc ligament in the midfoot.

    Propulsion during the third rocker are impaired. This is a type of amputation can be managed orthotically with an AFO rather than with a prosthetic.

    Fortunately, high end orthotic devices are available now in Cyprus that can help you deal with this type of amputation at our clinic VIMA, without the need for unnecessary trips outside of the country. Book your appointment now.

  • Chopart amputation

    Francis Chopart (French orthopaedic surgeon) first described disarticulation thru the midtarsal joint in the 1700s. Chopart amputation removes the forefoot and midfoot, saving talus and calcaneus (ankle joint). This type of amputation is fitted with prosthesis or a hybrid orthosis. One of the major advantages is the preservation of plantar weight bearing surface but one of the major drawbacks is that it may lead to a gradual equinus deformity of the ankle, which can hinder prosthetic input.

    If you suffered an amputation and would like to discuss your prosthetic or orthotic needs, we at VIMA are happy to see you and detail your options. Book your appointment now.

  • Symes amputation

    Syme’s amputation is also the name for an ankle disarticulation. It involves removing the ankle joint and resection of the tips of the malleoli and re-placing the heel pad for weightbearing. A prosthetic socket and a low built foot type are usually needed. Selection of prosthetic feet may be limited due to the long residual limb and limited space for components. It does however, give a weight-bearing surface for patients to walk on without a prosthetic albeit short distances and this function is often very much needed for some patients.

    Book your appointment now to discuss your options.

  • Below Knee Amputation

    This is the most common type of amputation in the lower limb, a below knee amputation (BKA). Approximately 1 in 5 of major limb amputations is a BKA and most people that undergo a BKA are over the age of 65.

    Main causes for a BKA are:

    • Peripheral Vascular disease
    • Diabetes
    • Infection
    • Foot ulcers
    • Trauma
    • Tumours

    Selective BKA

    BKA is a serious undertaking and it is aimed to address serious issues in the foot or other areas below the knee. Any decision to amputate involves multiple factors and should include many discussions between the patient and their team of doctors. Although it is a life changing event it is important to note that the scope for a BKA is to return to a normal quality of life for someone that may have a non-viable limb.

    After a BKA the patient needs to relearn how to walk again with their prosthesis. The prosthesis is composed of three sections:

    • The socket
    • The pylon
    • The componentry

    Prosthetic process

    We take a holistic approach at your initial consultation at VIMA.

    We will ask you many questions to see what kind of lifestyle you have, what hobbies you may have and what you do for a living and your level of activity, what you would like to do and go through your different options and componentry.

    Your prosthetist will go through with you the type of socket that is most suitable to your needs, the type of suspension, materials and lastly componentry such as prosthetic feet or other adaptors that may be suitable.

    A cast is then taken of the residual limb and the process to manufacture your 100% custom made prosthetic limb follows.

    We have a dedicated section that unwraps the various different stages of the process of making a custom made device. Book your appointment now.

  • Knee Disarticulation

    This type of articulation is common in children. It has advantages and disadvantages, all of which must be carefully weighted.

    The main drawbacks are that a knee disarticulation does not retain the natural knee joint and therefore is less energy efficient with walking, there tend to be cosmetic considerations due to the bulbous residual limb end as well as limitations to componentry.

    However, it is superior functionally when compared to an above knee amputation due to the increased length of the residual limb giving better prosthesis control and the distal end of the femur gives better weight bearing capability.

    If you would like to know what we could do to help you, book you appointment at VIMA now.

  • Above Knee Amputation (AKA)

    This is another very common amputation and is considered a high level amputation. It is common that patients with an AKA require considerably more energy during walking and their gait is often sub-optimal.

    There are tend to be more considerations when it comes to prosthetic input for the patient group to the way the prosthesis is aligned in relation to the artificial knee and ankle as it affects balance, walking efficiency and stability. Weight of components, socket comfort, suspension and stance stability become key deciding factors in the manufacture of the custom prosthetic limb.

    In the past options were limited when it came to componentry selection. Fortunately, the advent of new technologies and the development of a plethora of microprocessor knees (MPK) have upgraded to the good the lives of many people over the last decade and they continue to improve in terms of weight and functional characteristics, with return to the most optimised and close to physiological gait as possible.

    At VIMA we are certified to fit and supply the German Ottobock Genium and C-Leg MPKs, which are considered by many best in class.

  • Hip Disarticulation and Trans-pelvic Amputation

    This procedure is mostly used for pelvic tumours and is major amputation involving partial or complete resection of the pelvis and hip, and results in significant mobility difficulties. The most common type of prosthetic socket used is the rigid “Canadian style” socket but slowly over the last few years the newer “bikini style” sockets have taken over as they tend to be more comfortable, lighter and therefore more functional.

    The end user will spend some time for certain tasks using their prosthesis, whereas some activities may be best performed without the prosthesis due to the weight of the prosthetic limb, which is absolutely normal.

    If you would like to know what we could do to help you, book you appointment at VIMA now.

  • Congenital Limb Deficiency (CLD)

    This umbrella term encompasses a whole range of absences of a limb or part of a limb from birth. The exact cause of a congenital limb defect is often not known. Certain things may increase the chances of a child being born with such a defect.

    The way CLDs are managed is not indifferent with the traditional sockets and componentry used and the considerations in manufacture, which are similar.

    The main goal is to provide your child with a limb that has proper function and appearance.  For upper limb absences the aim is to help child’s play and help the child develop fine motor skills and to help them through their life to have normal and meaningful lives with the use of any specialist equipment hybrid orthosis or prosthesis that may need.  Task specific prosthesis are also essential in achieving the child’s goals with that regard.

    If you would like to know what we could do to help you, book you appointment at VIMA now.

  • Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency (PFFD)

    PFFD is a dysplastic phenomenon with a spectrum of femoral involvement in the upper two thirds. It is an extremely rare congenital anomaly with an incidence of 1.1–2.0 in 100,000 live births. It is often associated with hip instability, rotation of the hip, and insufficient musculature, leg length discrepancy, along with instability at the knee joint. Most cases of PFFD are unilateral (85–90%); PFFD is rarely bilateral, when unilateral, the right femur is the most frequently affected hip.

    Treatment pathways differ per case. PFFD poses a significant challenge to effective treatment and it demands a multidisciplinary approach of prosthetists, paediatric orthopaedic surgeons, and the physical therapists involved in the care of the patient.

    The first step in most treatments of a child with PFFD coincides with the time when the child is ready to stand and the child will be fitted with prosthesis to facilitate standing and equalise leg length difference and this is done irrespective of any future interventions such as surgery as treatment needs to follow normal developmental milestones.

    Surgical management is more complex and is broadly divided into multistage limb lengthening or limb modification surgical journeys taking place until the child reaches high school.

  • Finger amputations

    These types of amputations are usually as a result of trauma and they are one of the more common types of upper limb amputations in Cyprus during Easter and the irrational tradition of firecrackers use.

    Single or several fingers are severed, which affects function and fine motor skills and finger use.

    Prosthetic options are either passive or active and range from cosmetic silicone gloves to more functional and active partial hand and smaller finger prostheses either body powered or electrically powered prostheses. Task specific prostheses are also used with a particular occupation or action in mind.

    In selected cases, Osseo integrated finger prosthesis may be a viable alternative. A crucial aspect of finger amputation and partial hand amputation rehabilitation is the presence or absence of thumb opposition.

    If you would like to discuss your various different options, please do not hesitate to contact us.

  • Hand amputation

    This is another common amputation, usually post-traumatic, in which the hand is severed from the forearm.

    Prosthetic options range from passive to active options. There is certainly not one single options that works equally as well for all individuals.

    Cosmetic silicone gloves are common but they tend to restore only the cosmetic aspect and very small proportion of the functional scope of hand use.

    More active hand prosthesis, usually electronically driven prosthesis are commonplace. Task specific prosthesis is also very common and close co-operation is required with your prosthetist to design a hand prosthesis that will work for you.

    If you would like to discuss your various different options, please do not hesitate to contact us.

  • Transradial amputation

    Commonly known, as below elbow prostheses is the most common upper limb amputation. Traumatic injuries and tumours are the most frequent pathologies to necessitate amputation.

    The main goal is to restore function, which may be for a specific task or assist activities of daily living that require bilateral use of the hands or to improve the cosmetic appearance of the upper limb. Socket types vary depending on the length of the residuum and componentry.

    A common type of prosthesis despite general public perception is body-powered prosthesis, which uses a harness that is worn around the opposite arm and across the back. A hook is most often used for a terminal device. Patients use the muscles of the shoulders and arms and the harness pulls on a cable, which either opens or closes the terminal device (depending on the type of terminal device). By relaxing the muscles, the terminal device then performs the opposite operation.

    Myoelectric control is on the rise over the last few years with many companies are investing in myoelectric controlled prosthetic terminal devices. Control is achieved through the use of electrodes or touch pads. They are usually self-suspending meaning the prosthesis does not require a harness to be held onto the residuum. The prosthesis is held gripping above the bones of the elbow.

    Myoelectric arms are functional as well as cosmetically appealing. However, they are heavier, more expensive, and less functional than the traditional hook and require more maintenance.

    Targeted muscle re-innervation (TMR) has been used to enhance a patient’s experience using a myoelectric prosthetic device. TMR is an invasive procedure intended to make prosthetic use more intuitive. It entails coapting nerves that would otherwise be amputated with the motor nerves of muscles remaining at the stump site, it also increases the signal to operate the terminal device and by coapting the nerves into muscles that are destined to certain tasks then the overall control becomes a lot more intuitive and normalised.

    If you would like to discuss your various different options, please do not hesitate to contact us.

  • Above elbow amputation

    An above elbow amputation is usually as a result from trauma, infections or malignancies. We include trans humeral and shoulder or hindquarter amputations in this category, as there are common principles to the prosthetic aspects and considerations of managing these high level amputations.

    The major requirement in the case of high-level upper limb amputees is that of a light and cosmetic prosthesis. A functional limb is only occasionally prescribed despite the huge loss of function associated with this level of amputation.

    Cosmetic or passive prostheses are used in many cases but provide little to no function.

    Functional prosthesis requires a harness type of socket that is needed in order to share the weight and load of a usually heavy prosthesis. Componentry options are limited, however over the last decade there have been strides towards providing better and more options to this patient group.

    A type of functional prosthesis is task orientated and tends to yield great outcomes and fulfilment for the people that use it, for example prosthesis for cycling, archery or musical instrument play such as the violin.

    If you would like to discuss your various different options, please do not hesitate to contact us.